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Asseessment 1

Carbon Monoxide

What is carbon monoxide?

Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless and tasteless gas, which is highly toxic to humans and animals. It consists of one carbon atom and one oxygen atom, connected by a covalent double bond and a dative covalent bond. It is the simplest oxocarbon, and is an anhydride of formic acid

(5 marks)

What is carbon monoxide poisoning?

When you inhale too much carbon monoxide(5 marks)

How does it affect us as humans?

it combines the hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO) in the blood. This prevents oxygen binding to hemoglobin, reducing the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, leading to hypoxia.

(5 marks)

How can we help to deal with CO problem?

. All windows and doors need to be opened, all combustible appliances need to be turned off and everyone should leave the premises immediately.

(5 marks)

Related links.

http://www.cdc.gov/co/default.htm

http://www.noah-health.org/en/environemental/topics/airquality/combustion.html

http://www.cbs.state.or.us/osha/pdf/hazards/2993-04.pdf

Note.

Each question is worth 5 marks.

Your answers should indicate 5 valid points.

You may add on more sheets if there is not enough space to write.

Sustainability activity.

Please do a little research on Carbon Monoxide (CO) to answer the following questions.

Components and Functions

Engine Components and Function

　Complete the following grid. Please elaborate on the function

Component	Function
Spark plug,	ignites the fuel air mixture in the cylinder
Inlet Valve	lets the fuel air mixture int the combustion chamber
exhaust valves	opens at the correct time to allow the exhaust gasses out
piston	transfers the force from the power stroke to the crankshaft
conrod	connects the piston to the connecting rod
flywheel	the flywheel links the crankshaft to the transmission through the clutch. The outer edge of the flywheel is called the ring gear. theelectric starter pinion engages on thisgear to rotate the engine for starting.
piston rings	forms a gas tight in the cylinder
oil control ring	Prevents oil working up into the combustion chambers
crankshaft	the crankshaft rotates in the main bearings in the crankcase. Connecting rods are attached to offset areas called throws where the reciprocating motion of the piston is changed into rotary motion.
cambelt or cam chain	physical link between crankshaft and camshaft
camshaft	opens and closes the valves through the rocker arm
sump	the is a sump a reservoir, or storage container, for the engine lubricating oil, and a collector for oil returning from the engine lubricating system.
oil filter	removes larger particles of carbon from the lubrication system
petrol fuel injector	Injectors are solenoid-operated valves which deliver fuel in the form of an atomised spray, into the intake manifold, or the intake ports.
ignition coil	The ignition coil is a step-up transformer, which raises the nominal battery voltage of 12 volts up to the many thousands of volts necessary to provide a spark across the spark plug electrodes
water pump	circulates coolant around the engine
cylinder liner	Cast iron liners are usually used in the cylinders of aluminium blocks, and sometimes in cast-iron blocks. Some sleeves are cast into the block. Grooves on the outside form a key that stops any movement in the cylinder. They also increase surface area to assist heat transfer from the sleeve to the block.

　

Safety report

Safety

Safety means a lot to me because it could mean life or death. It also means being protected against physical, occupational, psychological or other types or consequences of failure, damage, accidents, harm or any other event which could be considered non-desirable. So in order to be safe, especially in a workplace, the following must be done:

Wear P.P.E at all times

Think before you do anything that may cause an accident

Should know your types of fire extinguishers

When entering or working in a workshop it is always good and safe to wear Personal protective equipment (P.P.E) so that there is a higher chance that you are safe and prevent being injured.

This is a good example of P.P.E

Also, for the safety of others especially when your operating a machine, always take the time to look around and see that no one is in a position where the machine could or may injure them. So before you do any thing that may effect the health and safety of others "think before you act".

Fire extinguishers

It is very important that people know the different types of fire extinguishers so that if there is a certain fire then you would have the correct fire extinguisher to use instead of using the wrong fire extinguisher which could make the fire worst than it is.

http://www.firecheckservices.co.uk/media/table.gif

So remember….

Always wear P.P.E when entering a workshop

Think before you act

Know your types of fire extinguishers

By Totoa Lutui

Global Warming

Global Warming

 

In this assisgnment about global warming I will be answering the following questions

• What is global warming
• What impact does it have on Australasia
• Limitations of internal combustion
• Alternative Fuel sources
• Discuss the saker. Identify its ground breaking features

 

WHAT IMPACT DOES IT HAVE ON AUSTRALASIA

Global warming will have quite a drastic effect on Australasia in particular Australia. Australia is the highest emitter of greenhouse gasses per capita in the developed world.^]It is one of the major exporters of coal in the world, the burning of which releases Carbon Dioxide. It is also one of the countries most at risk from climate change according to the Stern report. This is partially because of the size of the agriculture sector in Australia, and the long coastline of the continent.

The risk to all Australian coastal communities from sea level rise would be dramatically higher should the West Antarctic Ice Sheet or Greenland ice sheet or both melt and collapse like the Larsen B Ice Shelf did in 2002. Australia is most vulnerable to changes in temperature, precipitation and erosion projected for the next 50 to 100 years. This is because relatively high rainfall variability from year to year and existing pressures on water supply in many areas. In addition, vulnerability arises due to high fire risk; Australian ecosystems are sensitive to climate change, and invasion by exotic animal and plant species introduced by human activity. Australia also has a high concentration of population in coastal areas, an economy strongly dependent on world commodity prices, tourism dependent on the health of the Great Barrier Reef and other fragile ecosystems, and economically and socially disadvantaged groups of people. Impacts of climate change will be complex and to some degree uncertain, but increased foresight would enable us to optimize the future through planned adaptation and mitigation. Mitigation can reduce the ultimate extent of climate change and its impacts, but is a global problem requiring cooperative global solutions. Adaptation is essential to cope with unavoidable climate changes, and in this country is essentially a task to be performed by Australians for Australians in each local situation. Analysis of future emissions trajectories indicates that, left unchecked, human Greenhouse gases emissions will increase significantly over the 21st century. As a result, Australia’s annual average temperatures are projected to increase 0.4–2.0°C above 1990 levels by the year 2030, and 1–6°C by 2070. Average precipitation in southwest and southeast Australia is projected to decline further in future decades, while regions such as the northwest may experience increases in precipitation. Meanwhile, Australia’s coastlines will experience erosion and inundation from an estimated 8–88 cm increase in global sea level. Such changes in climate will have diverse implications for Australia’s environment, economy, and public health.

Climate change will also greatly affect New Zealand. Since measurements began in the late 19th century, studies have shown that New Zealand's average air temperatures have increased substantially year to year. Zheng, Basher and Thompson (1997) detected a significant upward trend from 1896 to 1994 of 0.11°C per decade with a 95% confidence interval ± 0.035°C. This is roughly twice the trend reported for global data, which may be due to the relative absence of sulfate aerosols in the South Pacific. The Royal Society of New Zealand's statement on climate change notes that between 1908 and 2006, there has been a clear upward linear trend in the country-wide average air temperature of 0.9°Celsius.

New Zealand has a relatively unique emissions profile. In 2007, agriculture contributed 48.2% of total emissions, energy (including transport); 43.2%, industry; 6.1%, waste; 2.4%. In other Kyoto Protocol Annex 1 countries, agriculture typically contributes about 11% of total emissions. From 1990 to 2007, total greenhouse gas emissions in New Zealand increased by 22.1%. Emission increases by sector were - agriculture; 12.1%, energy; 39.2%, industry; 35.0%. Only the small waste sector reduced emissions, by 25.3%.

Sources: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_new_zealand, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_global_warming_on_Australia

 

 

LIMITATIONS OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION

Internal combustion engines are engine that require the explosion of a fuel-air mix to create rotating of reciprocating parts such as the crankshaft, pistons and valves. This is a type of engine is commonly found in automobiles. This is because it delivers very good performance and designed so that they can be as easily maintained as possible. The internal combustion engine was invented by Nicolaus Otto and had been applied to automobiles as far back 1885. Despite its refinement over the last 130 years, it still has its disadvantages. Some of these problems only arose only 30-40 years ago, once cars had started being mass produced on an extremely large scale and had become more affordable to the average person. Such disadvantages include the fact that they require petroleum to run. Petroleum is drilled from the ground as fossil fuels which are then refined to make Petroleum. The largest deposits of petroleum are in the Middle East. When vehicles started being mass produced, the oil deposits started depleting. Another factor could be political strife with some Middle Eastern countries which has caused the price of oil to go up in recent years.

Another major disadvantage is that internal combustion engines generate an extremely large amount of carbon emissions. This is mostly caused by the burning of fuel. Carbon emissions contain gasses such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons. Once again due to the mass production of automobiles, the number carbon emissions being sent into the atmosphere has contributed to climate change globally. Studies show that the average car expels about 166gpk (gallons per kilometre). Even smaller cars such as the Ford Ka expel about 128.56gpk.

Sources: http://www.cleangreencars.co.uk/jsp/cgcmain.jsp?lnk=401&featureid=601, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_internal_combustion_engine, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile  
 

 

ALTERNATIVE FUEL SOURCES

The fuel crisis and the issue of an excessive amount of carbon emissions being expelled into the atmosphere in recent years have forced many minor automobile manufacturers and some major corporations such as Toyota, Honda and General Motors to come up with alternative solutions to the internal combustion engine.

These include alternative bio- fuels such as ethanol and methanol. Both can be extracted from Petroleum, but Ethanol proved to be more popular as it is a renewable resource and can be extracted from other, or even other agricultural produce such as grain, sugarcane, sugar beets or even lactose. Most organisms have built a tolerance to ethanol which means it wouldn’t be as toxic as methanol. In theory it is believed that an ethanol powered car would leave less of a carbon footprint than petroleum powered cars, however this debateable because in my opinion the manufacturing of ethanol will leave an equivalent if not larger carbon footprint. I am saying this because areas with dense forest would have to be cleared to create plantations to produce the sources of ethanol and also the refinement process would also have to be taken into consideration. Ethanol has the property of slowly decomposing certain rubber compounds such as are found in the fuel lines and seals used in vehicles produced before the mid 1980s. Research also shows that gasoline is more volatile than ethanol. Due to this factor, it can be harder to start some engines using higher ethanol percentages than they were designed to use, especially when the engine is cold during the winter. Ethanol is also electrically conductive (gasoline is an effective insulator) which can cause problems with some early electric fuel pump designs and fuel tank sensors. Corrosion of magnesium and aluminum parts is also a concern at higher ethanol percentages.

Another alternative solution to petroleum that has been considered is to use hydrogen. The engines of these vehicles convert the chemical energy of hydrogen to mechanical energy either by burning hydrogen in an internal combustion engine, or by reacting hydrogen with oxygen in a fuel cell to run electric motors. Widespread use of hydrogen for fueling transportation is a key element of a proposed hydrogen economy. Hydrogen fuel does not occur naturally on Earth and thus is not an energy source, but is an energy carrier. Currently it is most frequently made from methane or other fossil fuels. However, it can be produced from a wide range of sources (such as wind, solar, or nuclear) that are intermittent, too diffuse or too cumbersome to directly propel vehicles. Integrated wind-to-hydrogen plants, using electrolysis of water, are exploring technologies to deliver costs low enough, and quantities great enough, to compete with traditional energy sources. Many companies are working to develop technologies that might efficiently exploit the potential of hydrogen energy for mobile uses. The attraction of using hydrogen as an energy currency is that, if hydrogen is prepared without using fossil fuel inputs, vehicle propulsion would not contribute to carbon dioxide emissions. Only water would come out of the exhaust pipe. The drawbacks of hydrogen use are low energy content per unit volume, high tank weights, the storage, transportation and filling of gaseous or liquid hydrogen in vehicles, the large investment in infrastructure that would be required to fuel vehicles, and the inefficiency of production processes.   

Another fuel source that has been taken into serious consideration is a car that solely relies on electricity to drive the car. Electric cars are specifically a variety of electric vehicle created or adapted for use on the road. Electric cars are commonly powered by on-board battery packs, and as such are battery electric vehicles (BEVs). Other on-board energy storage methods that are expected to come into use in the future include ultra capacitors, fuel cells, and a spinning flywheel which stores kinetic energy. Electric car technology has been around since the mid- 19^th century.

They were really popular from the mid-19^th to the early 20^th century. This is because the cars with an internal combustion engine were not very comfortable and easy to drive as electric cars were. However Improvements in internal combustion technology such as quicker refueling times and the mass production of cars started by the Ford Motor Company meant that fuel was cheaper and by the 1930’s the electric car was removed from large markets like the U.S.

In recent years, increased concerns over the environmental impact of gasoline cars, along with reduced consumer ability to pay for fuel for gasoline cars, has brought about renewed interest in electric cars, which are perceived to be more environmentally friendly and cheaper to maintain and run, despite high initial costs. Electric cars currently enjoy relative popularity in countries around the world, though they are still noticeably absent in the United States. The hybrid electric car has become the most common form of electric car, combining a internal combustion engine powertrain with supplementary electric motors to run the car at idle and low speeds, making use of techniques such as regenerative braking to improve its efficiency over comparable gasoline cars, while not being hampered by the limited range inherent to current battery electric cars. Hybrid cars are now sold by most major manufacturers, with notable models including the Toyota Prius and the forthcoming Chevrolet Volt, a plug-in hybrid which uses a fully electric drivetrain supplemented by a gasoline-powered electric generator to extend its range. The global economic recession in the late 2000s led to increased calls for automakers to abandon fuel-inefficient SUVs, which were seen as a symbol of the excess that caused the recession, in favor of small cars, hybrid cars, and electric cars. The most immediate result of this was the announcement of the 2010 release of the Chevrolet Volt, a plug-in hybrid car that represents the evolution of technologies pioneered by the EV1 of the 90s. The Volt will be able to travel for up to 60 km on battery power alone before activating the internal combustion engine to run a generator which then powers the electric motor. The batteries are recharged by plugging it into the grid.

While electric cars produce no emissions at the tailpipe— indeed they don't have one— their use increases demand for electrical generation. Generating electricity and producing liquid fuels for vehicles are different categories of the energy economy, with different inefficiencies and environmental harms, but both emit carbon dioxide into the environment. The well-to-wheel (WTW) carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions of electric cars are always lower than those of conventional cars, but the amount of savings depend on the emissions intensity of the existing electricity infrastructure. An electric car's WTW emissions are much lower in a country like Canada, which electricity supply is dominated by hydro and nuclear, than in countries like China and the US that rely heavily on coal.

Sources: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_car, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_fuel_vehicle, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_vehicle

 

THE SAKER GS750V ELECTRIC CAR

The Saker GS750V is a race car made in New Zealand. It is powered by an electric motor rather than an internal combustion engine.  Some of the features it has include a Tumanako Inverter which is the brains of the car. It controls the motor depending on where you have your foot on the accelerator just like EFI on an internal combustion engine. The power also goes through the inverter to the battery pack to stabilize it. It has a contactor which is controlled by the key. It tells the contactor that it is ready to go and sends the voltage directly to the motor. The battery pack weighs around 250kg and takes about 3000 batteries cells. The batteries are lithium ion. The reason for this is because they have a higher density and higher power output than a lead acid battery and weigh just about the same and lithium is also recyclable. In the centre of the battery pack are fuses, they are an important component in an electric vehicle because if the motor short circuits, it will blow a fuse which causes the battery pack to split in half. This stops any power going to the motor. When driving at motorway speeds the battery will last about 200km and they take about 2 hours to charge using a 3 phase charger and they are only designed to last about 10 minutes for the New Zealand sports car series races. The body of the car is made of fiberglass but it’s also possible to make it out of carbonfibre. However carbon fibre would cost about twice as much and would be about 10 to 20kg lighter. The Saker is powered by an AC motor as opposed to a DC motor because this means it can do regenerative braking, which allows the motor to be recharged from the heat generated from the wheels when braking. It also has shunt, which is a device used for measuring current going through the system so that you can see how much power or current you are using when you are driving. It produces about 450Nm of torque at 0rpm. The power output is about 200kW.  At the moment charging the Saker takes about 2 hours because there is not a big enough plug on the market that can charge the car at a faster rate. In my opinion I an electric motor like this would only be a good alternative for the nternal combustion engine once there is a more efficient way of recharging the batteries.

Sources: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vvMJwhr7Iqo 
 
 
 
 
 
Conclusion

I have written about global warming, the impact it is going to have on Australasia, the limitation of the internal combustion engine, alternative fuel sources and the Saker electric car. In my opinion I think that even if we go to another source of fuel it would not necessarily mean a reduction in the earth’s carbon foot print. I say this because the manufacturing of those fuels would cause the level of carbon emissions being emitted by humans to stay at the same level. For example the manufacturing of bio-fuels such as ethanol would mean that forestry would have to be cleared in order to yield crops to make into Ethanol and the production lithium ion batteries for electric cars would release harmful gasses into the atmosphere. Hydrogen does not occur naturally so will have to be extracted from other sources such a wind power, water or nuclear power as these sources alone are either too intermittent, too diffuse or too cumbersome to be used. 

                             
By Totoa Lutui

Cooling System

Part 1


Part 2

Good..........Bad..........Ugly

Good
1)Cadillac CTS

*Sharp handling, ample power
*Distinctive exterior
*Stylish cabin loaded with useful technologies



2)Mitsibushi Lancer Evo 8


The FQ400 (it is rumored that FQ stands for “fucking quick”), introduced in the United Kingdom, features the standard 2-litre engine of all other Lancer generations. It has a real output of more than 400 horse power, though, which enables it to accelerate from 0-60 mph (0-100 km/h) in 3.5. For a fraction of the cost, this car could keep up with a Lamborghini Murcielago on a test track….http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E4UJ2yLI31c



Bad
1)All Fords

Holden Fan!!!



2)2009Dodge SUV

The interior materials and fit are not very impressive, and the in-town fuel economy is poor.




Ugly
1)Fiat Multipla
Defines the word "UGLY"




2)Nissan S Cargo
Too Small and does not look flash at all. Woudn't get one even if it was for free, maybe to play bumper cars with but thats it.

Drawing

I can honestly say that i am not very good at drawing and it is not one of my talents. But i feel that drawing more will help me increase my drawing skills to a level where my drawing is not too bad but probably still not too good.

I can honestly say that i am not very good at drawing and it is not one of my talents. But i feel that drawing more will help me increase my drawing skills to a level where my drawing is not too bad but also not too good.

Assessment

Last week monday i did my assessment on engines with two other members of this course. For this assessment we had to strip apart an engine from taking out the pistons, timing belt, block to taking off the fly wheel. Once we have taken out apart pretty much everything and have had one of the lecturers take a look at it, we rebuild back the engine.

Doing this assessment was a great experience and really helped me learn more about engines.